Morrow Advert - October 1982

George Morrow - the founder of Morrow Designs - was born in 1934 and earned a degree in physics from Stanford before going on to do a master's in mathematics at the University of Oklahoma^[1].

He became active in the Homebrew Computer Club in the mid 1970s and went on to produce various add-ons for MITS' Altair and IMSAI's 8080, including a 4K memory module which he sold to Bill Godbout, another key player in the early homebrew scene, and which proved popular thanks to being significantly better than MITS' own board.

He then formed his first proper company - Thinker Toys - to sell more of his own boards, but had to change the name to Morrow's Micro-Stuff following a trademark dispute with Playskool - owner of the Tinker Toys brand^[2].

There followed a brief diversion when Morrow - along with Howard Fulmer - went off to design the Equinox-100^[3], an S-100 system which used the famous WünderBuss that Morrow had also designed. Fulmer would later become VP of R&D at Morrow Designs.

The Equinox-100 was built by Parasitic Engineering of Albany, California, and sold under the Equinox brand. Unfortunately, it was based on Intel's 8080 CPU, whilst everything else was moving towards the Z80, and so wasn't hugely successful.

Morrow returned to his original company, now called Morrow Designs, and produced several more systems based on the almost-official IEEE 696 S-100 standard, including this - the Decision 1.

It appeared to be at something of a crossroads, taking with it the S-100 bus and the 8-bit Z80A processor, both from the 1970s, into the 68000-based 1980s world of Unix, the operating system that was even older but which was only now starting to make inroads into the mainstream consciousness.

Claiming that its 4MHz processor could take on the 16/32-bit 68000, which was running at around 12MHz by 1982, might be a bit of a stretch, but with some memory management and additional 65K static-RAM cards for each additional user, plus the power of "informal single-user benchmarks" - marketing double-speak for "not actually reproducible" - the Decision 1 apparently beat a bunch of 68000 machines running Unix or Unix-like operating systems.

The entry-level Decision 1, complete with 14-slot S-100 motherboard, 65K RAM, power supply and case retailed for $3,495 - about £14,300 in 2025.

With its own version of Unix - Micronix - plus CP/M compatibility via emulation and even some North Star compatibility, at least the claim that it could run almost everything was probably not far off the mark.

North Star compatibility seemed to be a nod to an earlier project of Morrow's when he, Bill Godbout, Chuck Grant, and Mark Greenberg had attempted to build a 16-bit system based on National Semiconductor's PACE CPU. Differences of opinion led to Grant and Greenberg leaving to form North Star Computers.

Morrow Designs was still around in 1984, when it launched its Pivot "lunchbox" portable at Spring Comdex in Atlanta^[4]. The design - George Morrow's last - was later licenced to Zenith, which sold it as the Z-171.

Unfortunately for Morrow, when a huge $27 million dollar contract (about £72 million in 2025) came up with the US government's Inland Revenue Service to equip 15,000^[5] of its employees with portable computers, it was Zenith that won the deal, with its version of Morrow's Pivot.

Word from the US government had been that it was rumours of Morrow's financial troubles at the time that had put the IRS off the Morrow-Sperry bid.

Even worse for Morrow, it had sold the design to Zenith on a one-time-payment flat-rate deal, meaning that it received no further royalties from Zenith's Z-171 sales.

The loss of the IRS deal, coupled with rumours of IBM releasing its own portable - which it did in the summer of 1986 and which meant that people stopped buying Morrow's - led to the collapse of the company in early 1986^[6]".

Chris Curry of Acorn offers a version of Unix for Acorn's "Gluon" 16-bit add-on system. © Practical Computing, October 1982Meanwhile, the Decision 1's support for multiple operating systems acknowleged another crossroads, in the UK at least, as 1982 was a time where the future of 16-bit systems in the wider business market was still seen as an open two-horse race.

On one side was CP/M - the now-vintage operating system from the 1970s which was trying to keep up by releasing more-modern versions such as CP/M-86.

On the other was Unix - an operating system which could actually trace its roots back to Multics of the mid 1960s. It was a relatively end-user-hostile system which was written by hard-core nerds for use only by other hard-core nerds.

Future 68000-based operating systems such as AmigaDOS, Atari's TOS for the ST and Apple's MacOS were at this point were all glints in the eye, whilst Microsoft's hegemony of MS-DOS and later Windows was barely on the horizon and was not yet the manifest destiny of the PC industry.

Meanwhile, Unix was slowly moving out from its academic confines and was being talked about in the press as a serious contender as the new 16-bit standard, with even super-cautious Acorn offering a version of Unix for its National Semiconductor 16032-based 16-bit "Gluon" add-on for the BBC Micro^[7].

What was already a given though was that the era of incompatible machines, where software written on brand X's micro had absolutely no chance of even vaguely running on brand Y's, was at an end, and whatever OS was going to win would have to finally remove all the inconsistencies between different manufacturers' machines.

The problem for both CP/M and Unix was that the users weren't really bothered, as long as the software they bought ran on the machine they had and developers were still writing software for their chosen OS.

Here CP/M had the lead in terms of its more user-friendly software, as Unix was notorious for its unforgiving environment.

The whole thing was academic though, as whilst the two thought they were in with a shout, IBM was plodding on with its 5150 PC, which was already out there with an operating system called PC-DOS, which was crucially - thanks to Microsoft's insistence on a non-exclusive licence for its software - was also available off-the-shelf as MS-DOS.

As the IBM PC gained ground - and people faithfully bought it because, well, it was IBM - it dragged MS-DOS along with it and before long IBM's PC, and all the clones that came along to copy it, were all running Microsoft's software.

As reported in Practical Computings October 1982 editorial on the subject, Adam Osborne of Osborne One fame said:

"You don't have to be best. You don't even have to be good. You just have to be first"^[8].

By the summer of 1983, Digital Research had brought out a raft of updates to its venerable CP/M, including a long-awaited update to the original 8-bit version, in the guise of 3.0, by then renamed as CP/M Plus.

There was also a version for 68000 users, known as CP/M-68K, an updated version for 16-bit users - CP/M-86 - and even a graphics version - CP/M Graphics, based upon the ANSI/ISO GSK Graphics Kernal Subsystem.

All of this proliferation was a rear-guard attempt by Digital Research to reassure its dealers that CP/M itself was still a viable choice, a process which included inviting 500 of its independent software vendors to the Café Royale in London on the 21st April so it could hammer the point home.

During this event, a DR spokesperson stated that CP/M, which at that time had over 350,000 installations across more than 500 different manufacturers' computers, was:

"not dead, but revitalised and prepared to challenge MS-DOS, Unix or any other contender in the race to be the standard operating system for 16-bit processors"^[9].

By way of comparison, it was announced at the 1983 National Computer Conference in the US that Tandy was offering Microsoft's version of Unix - Xenix - to all past, present and future owners of its Tandy 16 computer.

If all of these users took up the offer, it was thought that there would be more than 15,000 additional Unix installations, and would make Xenix the most popular Unix.

There obviously weren't actually that many Unix computers in the world, as that move by itself would more than double the number of existing Unix installations^[10].

Meanwhile, inspite of, or perhaps because of, the variety of versions available, CP/M fizzled away, but Digital Research remained as a contender, at least for a while, with its DR-DOS range of MS-DOS-compatible operating systems, sometimes said to be more feature-complete than MS-DOS itself.

However, both MS-DOS and DR-DOS faded away once version 3 of Microsoft's Windows - the first version that was actually really usable - took hold of and came to dominate the PC market, a situation that remains today, despite the slowly-decreasing relevance of actual PCs.

Unix didn't come to win the 16-bit OS war (or the 32- or 64-bit war that followed) either - it was always plagued by fragmentation, with no single distribution, version, fork or windowing manager achieving anything like the unifying dominance of Windows.

However, it lived on in servers, high-end workstations and specialist systems running Unixes like SCO, AIX, HP-UX, ICL's DRS-NX or Solaris. Even Apple's MacOS came to be derived from BSD, itself a Unix breakaway.

In 1991 it spawned a Unix-a-like OS called Linux^[11], which, thanks to being free (in both the monetary and open-source-software senses) and the fact that it built upon the earlier GNU project, which meant it could run lots of existing tools and utilities, came to first dominate the server market and then perhaps, in modified form as the kernel of a mobile OS called Android, the world.

Meanwhile, development of the last of the proprietary Unixes/Unices - IBM's AIX - was moved to India at the beginning of 2023, putting it into maintenance mode and marking the end of the traditional Unix era.

A few others like Solaris and HP-UX also remain in maintenance mode, and there's also Apple's BSD-based Darwin, which lives on in macOS 15 (Sequoia), but otherwise the only Unixes in active development are the various flavours of Linux which also happen to pass the Open Group's "is it Unix?" tests^[12].